Highest state artistic- technical workshops, educational
institution in Moscow. V. is created into 1920 decisions of Sov.
government as h... the special artistic high technical- industrial
educational institution, which has as a goal to prepare the artist-
masters of the highest qualification for the industry, and also
designers and leaders for the professional technical formation "(coll.
of legalizations and orders of worker and cross. Governments,
1920, on 19 December, № 98, st. 522, s. 540). It is
formed by merging the washings. the 1st and 2- X of free artistic workshops. The
departments were included: artistic (picturesque, sculptural,
architectural) and production (poligrafich., the text, ceram.,
woodworking and metal-shape). Practically v. prepared in essence
of artists -stankovistov and architects. Simultaneously before
productions, departments posed the problem of training new type
artists, capable of working not only in the traditional forms of the skills of plastic, but also in the
creation of the entire object medium, which surrounds man (articles of
daily life, the implement of labor, etc.). In v. (and also into
uch. institution and architectural- artistic, association"baukhauz" in Germany) in the world were
for the first time created the bases of prevailing of later the system
of training the artist-designers (see design). The important part of the new method of instruction
was that developed in v. and required for all students, independent of
future specialization, the propaedeutic (preliminary) course, based on
the combination of nauch. and artistic, disciplines.
Propedevtich. course had to learn students to the language of
plastic forms, to the laws of the form and of color formation (were
included drawing as the basis of plastic arts, chromatics,
disciplines, which investigate interrelations between the color and
the form, the study of the principles of the construction of spaces,
composition, etc.). These laws are the authors of course (V. a.
favorskiy, P. 4. Peacocks, K. n. istomin, I. m. chaykov, N.
A. ladovskiy and other.) they considered it universal for
the creation both by the prod. of depictive art and for the artistic,
constructing the articles of daily life and technology.
Propedevtich. courses more lately became required in the world
practice of training artist-designers. Many-sided preparation to
Propedevtich. course was combined with the subsequent specialization
in the selected by students departments. On productions,
departments developed the projects of the transformed furniture
(armchair- bed, cabinet- tables, etc.), mass dishes, lamps, etc. in v.
taught as artists -stankovisty, who continued the traditions of Russ.
artistic, the schools of prerevolutionary decades (main obr.
Moscow school of painting, vayaniya and architecture - A. E.
arkhipov, p. v. Blacksmiths, I. i. Mashkov et al., and also D.
n. kardovskiy, who taught into 1903-18 in the highest of artistic, the
school of peterb. AH), so the representatives of production skill (A. m. rodchenko, V.
ye. tatlin et al.). On productions, departments practically were
transformed the theoretical views of "workers", who identified
artistic creation with the production socially and the functional-
expedient things, which, in their opinion, had to determine the nature of entire everyday
medium in the socialistic society. This identification gave the
number of teachers v. in their teaching practice on the different
departments (but mainly - in the publicistic appearances) to the
negation of descriptive nature and po-znavat. -znavat. of the role of
art, to the negation its tra- Diez. (4, first of all,
machine-tool) forms. 25 Feb.. 1921 V. i. Lenin visited
hostel v., he conversed with the students about the studies and the
art and critically it answered about the futuristic enthusiasm of some
of them. In 1926 v. was preobrazovan voVkhuteyn.
Lit.: Architecture. Work of the
architectural department Of vkhutemasa. M., 1927; Abramov
a., the heritage Of vkhutemasa, the "decorative skill OF THE USSR",
1964, № 4; Krupskaya N. K., About Lenin. Collection
of articles and appearances, [ M., 1965 ], s. 95; M and r
Q l., the propaedeutic course Of vkhutemasa-Vkhuteina, "technical
aesthetics", 1968, №№ 2, 4, 12; 1969, № 4; Zhadova l.,
Vkhutemas-Vkhutein, the "decorative skill OF THE USSR", 1970, № 11;
Khazanova V, Vkhutemas-Vkhutein, "AD", 1970, Febr., 7/6, p.
80-81. L.V.Marts.
