the motions, which are manifested with different
(especially emotional) psikhich. states and using by their external
expression. Very means, class v. d. is represented in the mimicry and the
pantomime. In the wider understanding v. d. are
included all nuances of voice and intonations, which transmit
emotions, and also the vegetative reactions, which accompany these
emotions, vascular, respiratory, secretory. Practical ideas
about v. d. already in the antiquity were used in the actor's and
oratorical skill, and also in the first attempts at the construction of physiognomy. Detailed
descriptions v. d. appeared in 17 v., and sistematich. their study
began in 18 v. (description of anatomy, special features v. d.,
characteristic for different sincere states). It means, stage in
the development of scientific ideas about v. d. composed the works
Eng, scientific Ch. Bella, in which was shown the connection v. d.
with the functions of different divisions of nervous system. The
problem of origin v. d. was for the first time set By g. Spencer, it
was developed By i. m. Sechenov. This problem obtained its
comprehensive development in the works Of ch. Darwin, in the three
principles formulated by it: the principle of the useful
associated habits (v. d. as the product of the hereditary associations
between opredel. by sensations and by emotions and their vnesh. by
manifestation), the principle of the antithesis, which acts with the
opposite emotions (for example, the braced position of the angered dog
it is changed by the pose of submissiveness and by the weakening of
muscles with the encounter with the owner), and the principle of the
general excitation of nervous system (v. d., connected with the stormy
emotions or the flashes of passion). Evolyuts. of Darwin's idea
were developed by Russ. psychologists (p. F. By Lesgaft, By v.
m. Bekhterev et al.), that emphasized, in particular, the role of
training and medium in the formation v. d. of child. Thus the
biological aspect of study v. d. was augmented social.
In 20 v. by the subject of a study became v. d. not only
in man and highest animals, but 4 in arthropods, fishes, birds (these
studies especially widely they are carried out within the framework of etologii). New aspects v. d. are
opened in connection with the development of semiotics; in
particular, in paralingvistike are
studied the functions of a number v. d. in the process of
communication.
Lit.: Vudvorts r., experimental
psychology, translated from English, M., 1950; Jacobson p. M.,
psychology of feelings, 2 publ., M., 1958. Of this year. Gellershteyn.
