Statement

In connection with the lingual practice are separated the different methods of use V. govoryat, that v. is used affirmatively, if it is used for the purpose of the assertion of the truth of the thought expressed in it. Affirmative use v. - this is their the most frequent use: expressing their thoughts, people usually pretend to their truth. (in the logic in order to distinguish v. as the proposal, which can be both the true and false, from the assertion of truth v., in the some cases the special sign I uses; IA indicates the assertion of statement A.) When the truth of the content v. is not asserted, they speak about the neutverditel'nom use v. (for example, in the class dictation v. they are used neutverditel'no). One of the methods of neutverditel'nogo use v. is their indirect use. It has as a goal not the assertion of the truth of thought, but only the transfer Of v. imenno's content so, for example, it is used in. "the orbits of planets have a form of circle" in the composition v. "Kepler considered that the orbits of planets have a form of circle". Asserting the latter, we completely do not want to say, as if it is true that the orbits of planets have a form of circle, but only to report, what v. asserted Kepler; this v. itself can be both the isti"nym and false (latter in reality it occurs). From different it is specific use v. should be distinguished their reference (quoting).

In the logic SV they deal mainly during the application of logich. of calculations in some of the concrete region of objects. However, in the formulas Vol. themselves n. "clean" logich. of calculations in essence figure variable v. forms v. (vyskazyvatel'nye forms). Variable v. - this not v. in the authentic sense, but variable for v., i.e. the variable, in the place for which can be substituted concrete ("constants") v. (this form) or their names. Form v. - this is the expression, which contains variables (in particular, possibly, and variables for v.) and turning into v. after the substitution some values - from the appropriate permissible range of valuess - instead of all entering it variables. For example, form v. is formula X + in > 2 (to kh,u - variables, which take values, for example, from the region of deystvit. of the numbers; with X = 1, in = 2 this formula is turned into the true in. 1 + 2>2).

Lit.: Tarskiy a., introduction and logic and the methodology of deductive sciences, translated from English, M., 1948; H e r h a., introduction into the mathematical logic, the translated from English, Vol. 1, M., 1960. B. V. biryukov.

In the linguistics v. - the unit of lingual communication. The segmentation of lingual material according to the intonatsionnosmyslovym signs makes it possible to isolate the communicative units of speech, occasionally referred to as phrases. The segmentation of lingual material according to the formal signs makes it possible to isolate sintaksich. of the unit of language, frequently called the proposals (there exist and other correlative pairs of terms). Proposal and phrase - unit of one (commutative) level, but belong to the different aspects of lingual material. V. as the real unit of contact is synthesis of the correlative units of language and speech - proposal and phrase. In the contemporary linguistics there are other interpretations of concept "in.".

Lit.: Vannikov Of Yu. V., statement as synthetic unit, in the book: Questions of grammar and word formation, M., 1968; Hausenblas K., On the characterization and classification of discourses, "Travaux linguistiques de Prague", 1966, № 1. Yu. v. vannikov.