Vulgar economics

V. p. 3. arrived for the change of the classical bourgeois political economy, which gave within certain limits the scientific analysis of capitalism, but in view of its class, burzh. of the limitedness of that not known how to overcome the vulgar element in its theories, which was used by vulgar theorists. The establishment of supremacy v. p. 3. marked the beginning of the crisis of burzh. of politich. savings. For the development v. p. 3. 4 osn of the stage are characteristic: appearance in the form of special flow on the boundary of 18-19 substances. (T. r. mal'tus, Zh. b. sey); the achievement of the dominant positions into burzh. of political economy and evolution in the period of free competition, 30-70- e yr. 19 v. (J. mill', N. u. senior, F. Bastiat, V. rosher, B. Hildebrand, G. ch. Carey); V. p. 3. in the period of imperialism, the 70's. 19 V. - the 20's. 20 v. [ is subjective -psixologic. school - 3. Bem- Bawerk (Austria), A. Marshall (England), J. b. Clark (USA), new (young) is true school - K. Bucher and G. shmoller (Germany); lawful school - R. shtol'tsman (Germany) ]; V. p. 3. in the epoch of the general crisis

Early v. p. 3. was the result of isolation and systematization of the unscientific positions of classical school, the product of its decomposition. Osn the direction of its evolution in the first two stages - increasing use of surface economic forms for shading of the exploiter essence of capitalism and fight against utopich. and scientific socialism. For example, the theory of cost vulgar economists reject the developed by classical school determination of the value of commodities by the labor, spent on their production, and substitute cost initially with the price of production (being been modification cost) and by use value (one of the sides of goods), and then by exchange value, den by the form of cost, i.e., by price- these of vnesh. by the forms of the manifestation of cost. In the epoch of imperialism under the action of an increase in the working class movement and propagation of scientific socialism v. p. 3. it is forced to search for the new forms of the protection of capitalism. In addition to the previous methods of apology it attempts to lean on the external visibility of neekonomich. of processes and phenomena, studied both by public, by natural, and universal sciences, perverting both those, and others. Not by chance, precisely, from the 70's. 19 v. receive wide acceptance psychological, ethical, historical, social- lawful, sociological and the like of direction v. p. 3., which give uneconomical "explanation" of nature and laws governing the economic processes, welcome to the ruling classes of bourgeois society. (for example, the austrian school determined "value" of goods, i.e. its cost, not by labor, but by its rarity, u.angl. economist a. Marshall the profit of capitalist appears as pay for the abstention from the expenditure as it capital, but not as the result of awarding by them of surplus value and the like.)

Contemporary. V. p. 3. is seemed the set of the "problematic" flows (theory of "organized capitalism", the "mixed economy", the "welfare state", "of that balancing sily", "industrial society", "convergence", "the stages of economic increase", "monopolistich. of competition", "people capitalism", "big business", etc.), which have as their goal the protection of capitalism on comparatively narrow, but sharp in this country, in this period to problems, in contrast to the previous "system" flows, which achieve protection of capitalism in entire wide traditional circle of the problems of political economy. This testifies about the tendency to activate ideologich. function v. p. 3. Forced under the pressure of the general crisis of capitalism to recognize the some contradictions of kapitalistich. of society, contemporary. V. p. 3. directs its efforts to the development of practical recommendations for their weakening. In connection with this substantially grows the practical function of contemporary. V.p.e. the absence of unified theory in the contemporary. V. A.D. does not at the same time exclude some of its general bases, features and special features. Vulgar economists deny objective nature public- it is true, process and its laws, removing the decisive role of subjective human activity, organizats. to the forms of societies, device and the like Therefore by the object of politich. to savings they declare the completely not social- economic system of society and the objective laws of its development, but the study of the "rules of the use of rare resources", the "principles of the output of means to existence", the "science about the business" and the like this treatment is called to depict capitalism as certain organization for the "elimination" of poverty and reaching of the "common advantage". Is antiscientific the methodology of contemporary. V. p. 3. For it are characteristic eclectism, technical and economic or the subjective-psychological, ethical treatments of economic. the phenomena of contemporary capitalism, directed toward shading of their social essence, unhistoricalness, flat evolutionism in the approach to the most important social- economic processes, the intended to hide the historically transient nature of kapitalistich. systems. The analysis vnutr. of the objective dependences of the phenomena of societies, process of production usually substitutes by description, surface classification of empirich. of material from the position of exchange concept. The working theory of cost, which reveals vnutr. of laws governing the commodity production and exchange, declares by "that become obsolete" and substitutes by the subjective theory of the value, which attempts in the subjective evaluation of the usefulness of goods by users to find the basis of the exchange of goods or of the theory of supply and demand, that only describing vnesh. the factors of the process of price formation. Perverts social nature of capital, identified with those estate forms, in which the relations of operation protrude on the surface of appearances: with the means of production, the money and the goods. At the basis of contemporary vulgar distribution theories lies the old anti-scientific concept of the "factors of production", which asserts that sources of income are labor, the earth and capital: rent allegedly catches by the earth, percentage- capital, wages - by labor. Profit is depicted as pay for the owner's activity, for the risk and the like in reality its source is the exploitation of workers, which shades by vulgar economists. They assert that allegedly "each factor appropriates only the product of its own activity", operation is absent also into burzh. society reigns the "accordion of interests". The economic crises of overproduction, which shake kapitalistich. economy of approximately one-and-a-half centuries, either are denied completely or they are considered as ustranimye within the framework of capitalism, since the reasons for these crises are not connected with osn by the contradiction of capitalism. Special efforts of contemporary. V. p. 3. applies to shading of the supremacy of kapitalistich. of monopolies, identified with the large production as such, irrespectively of its social form. Is denied the fact that imperialism - eve of socialistic revolution. For purposes of the distortion of content and osn of a trend in contemporary world social- economic development - from kapitalistich. to the socialist method of production - is conducted the abuse campaign against socialism, widely propagandize theories about certain "transformation" of capitalism (theory about the "disappearance of private property", the "revolution in the incomes", the "passage of authority into the hands of controlling- managers", etc.). V. p. 3. is directed against the revolutionary theory of the working class movement - Marxism-Leninism, against the world socialistic system, internat. worker and nation- will free motions.

Vulgar nature of the contemporary of burzh. of politich. savings does not exclude, however, the possibilities of practically useful scientific studies of burzh. economists in the applied fields of economic science.

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