Exhibitions

Contemporary. V., independent of the variety of their designations and organizational forms, it is possible to subdivide: A) p about to the purposes of the conducting - to the commercial, which are organized in essence from kommerch. by purpose; enlightening- cognitive (artistic, scientific-technical, achievements in the region of industry, transport, etc.), not pursuing, as a rule, kommerch. of purposes; b) on the periodicity of conducting - to those regularly conducted (yearly, in yr, two and the like.); irregular, organized in connection with the anniversary date, the congresses, the congresses or on occasion of other events, and to those constantly acting (for example, the exhibition of the achievements of national economy OF THE USSR); c) p about to the content of the represented exhibits - to the universal, where are demonstrated production and achievements of all branches of the economy, science, technology and the cultures, and specialized, which cover one or several adjacent branches of industry, s. of economy, skill, etc; g) in composition of participants - to the world, the internat., national and regional.

First v. in Europe were organized in KON. 16 v. had as a purely significant- demonstration goals (meeting of the work of the students of medieval cloister schools, handicraft workshops). With the development of kapitalistich. of relations v. they gradually acquire kommerch. nature. With the appearance of kapitalistich. of enterprises - textiles, appeared local trading. V., where was demonstrated their production (cloths, gobelins, etc.). Such v. were organized in Paris (1763), Dresden (1765), Berlin (1786), Munich (1818), Manchester (1843). Role v. grew in the period of passage from the textiles to the machine production, especially in connection with the industr. revolution (latter third 18 V.) and by the formation of obshchenats. of kapitalistich. of markets. Together with the purely commercial purposes v. they began to serve the purposes of the demonstration of tech. achievements. From the 60's. 18 v. appeared large of obshchenats. trading -prom. V. pervye of them - in London (1761, 1767), Munich (1788), Petersburg (1829). On v. consisted the trading, transactions, were established business connections. Obshchenats. V. they did not lose, until now, of their value and they are carried out regularly in the majority of the countries of peace. National. V. abroad are arranged on the basis of understanding between the countries and bear different nature. Some national trading. V. are organized in the form trading, it is center (for example, trading, the centers OF THE USA in London, Milan, Stockholm, Paris, Tokyo and other cities); in the form of the showrooms (for example, Soviet halls on v. in the socialistic countries, in Iraq, India, etc.). Frequently the national trading. V. are arranged in the form of exhibition- sales -"Universal'nye stores" and "the weeks of country- organizer". Great Britain regularly carries out "British weeks" in the countries of Europe, Asia, America and Australia. Many that are national specialized and universal v. are conducted irregularly. For example, Eng, trading -prom. V. in Moscow (1961), v. scientific-technical of achievements BY THE USSR in Budapest (1967), trading -prom. V. of the USSR in Paris (1970), etc. From 1946 through 1969 USSR were conducted 92 national. V. abroad (universal and specialized), in Vol. h. 29 in the socialist countries. Within the same period in THE USSR it was organized by 620 foreign national. V., including 25 universal and ok. 300 specialized by v. socialistic countries.

Development in 19 v. of the large of kapitalistich. of production accelerated an increase in mezhdunar. economic connections and the creation of the world of kapitalistich. of market. During this period grew the role v. in the assistance to development of trade not only in the general national, but also on an internat. scale.

Great Britain, which occupied leading position in industry and trade of kapitalistich. of the countries, for purposes of the propaganda of the principle of the freedom of internat. trade arranged in London into 1851 the first by internat. prom. In. In 1850-90 mezhdunar. V. mainly of branch-wide trading- industr. nature were organized in different cities of Europe: Munich (1854), Amsterdam (1883), To nice (1884), Antwerp (1885), To Barcelona (1888), Hamburg (1889).

Under the conditions for further progress of science and technology, expansion and specialization of kapitalistich. of production ever larger role begin to play internat. specialized trading. V., which in 20 v. gradually began to displace obshcheotraslevys. Internat. nature trading. V. is determined usually by a quantity of participating in them foreign. exponents and by the effectiveness of kommerch. of transactions. It is necessary also that the government of the country, in which is organized v., would recognize itself by its "international". Their organizers are specially created for this purpose, acknowledged as the authorities of country- organizers the permanent organs: board, trading, chamber, trading- industr. association and the like internat. trading. V., as a rule, have the specific periodicity of conducting (yearly, through yr, etc.). Their duration does not usually exceed three weeks. They are conducted in a constant exhibition territory at the same time and in one and the same city. Largest of them: internat. agr. v. (Hungary), v. on horticulture (GDR), v. of furniture (Great Britain), v. of textile industry and clothing "TEKSTIRAMA" (Belgium), the internat. salon of plastics, rubber and natural rubber "EURO-PLASTIC" (France), v. of the packing OF "SKANPEK" (Sweden), etc. To the participation into the internat. trading. V. are allowed by prom. and wholesale trading, firm and organization. Consist trading, transactions on the demonstrated models.

Majority are contemporary internat. trading. V. - specialized. On their purposes, conditions for participation and rights, allowed to exponents, they are analogous contemporary mezhdunar. to fairs. V. bear different names, for example, in France - salons and fairs, in Italy - salons, v. and fair, in THE FRG - fair and v., into the European the socialistic countries - v. and the fairs.

Internat. trading. V. contribute to the development of world trade. THE USSR attaches great significance to this form internat. trading, connections. To the great of the fatherlands, war of 1941-45 USSR was accepted the participation into the internat. trading. V. in Teheran (1923), Paris (1928, 1929), Khodeyde (Yemen, 1931), Hamburg (1931, 1932, 1934), Leipzig (1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1940, 1941), Ankara (1929), Istanbul (1932), Tokyo (1931), Philadelphia (1938), Varne (1940), Koenigsberg (1931, 1933, 1940), etc. 2-4 world war 1939-45 disrupted the work of majority internat. trading. In. With the renewal of their activity after war Sov. union becomes not only their active participant (in Bombay, 1952; To erfurte, 1961; Paris, 1947, 1951; To Geneva, 1960; Cairo, 1961; To Oklahoma, 1957; London, 1954; Hyderabad, 1956, etc.), but also by the organizer of large internat. trading. V. in its territory. In 1964- 1971 into SSSRbylo are carry ouied 16 mezhdunar. V. among them: V. of construction and road machines, means of the mechanization of construction-assembly works (Moscow, 1964), "chemistry in the industry, the building and s. economy" (Moscow, 1965), "contemporary agr. of machine and equipment" (Moscow, 1966), "poultry raising -66" (Kiev, 1966), "inprodmash-'" "(Moscow, 1967)," clothing -67 "(Moscow, 1967)," interbytmash-'8 "(Moscow, 1968)," inrybprom-'8 "(Leningrad, 1968)," inpoligrafmash-'9 "(Moscow, 1969)," inlegmash-"0" (Moscow, 1970), "chemistry -70" (Moscow, 1970), "intorgmash-"y " (Moscow, 1971) and other see also exhibitions world, exhibitions artistic, exhibitions agricultural.

With 2-1 floors. 19 v. gradually were added the principles of the exhibition exposure, which evolved from the simple demonstration of exhibits to their arrangement according to the elaborated program, with the use of special equipment, the means of architecture and designer art.

Architecture of exhibitions. Initially under v. was adapted the existing large construction (palaces, maneges and other.) with the extensive accomodations or one large multi-lighthall (for example, dry-goods exhibition 1831 in the hall of noble meeting in Moscow). Sometimes with a large quantity of exhibits to the basic construction were attached it will supplement, temporary accomodations (wooden galleries in Mikhajlovsk manege in Petersburg on 3rd agr. to exhibition 1860). The appearance of internat. industrial exhibitions caused into 2-1 floors. 19 v. the building of the special vystavychnykh pavilions of large area, with the extensive, easily surveyed and maximally illuminated vnutr. space; buildings themselves were also the exhibits, which demonstrated successes it constructs, the technology: "crystal palace" in London (1st world exhibition, 1851, eng. J. pakston; ill. see Vol. 2, p. 300), the "gallery of machines" on world exhibition 1889 in Paris (ARKh f. l. dyuter). Later pavilions become the part of the extensive exhibition complex, which includes the open exposure areas, verdure and reservoirs (All-Russian agricultural and kustarnoprom. exhibition 1923 in Moscow, main ARKh. A. v. shchusev; world exhibitions in Paris 1937, New York 1939, Brussels 1958, Montreal 1967, osaka 1970); from the building of temporary pavilions send to the construction of the capital buildings [ OF VSKHV in Moscow 1939 (main ARKh. In. K. oltarzhevskiy) and 1954, preobrazovannaya into the exhibition of the achievements of national economy OF THE USSR ]. Together with the exhibition complexes ("pavilion composition") are created by section the centralized or unit type buildings for the exhibitions, repeatedly utilized for the exposure. The centralized pavilions can be one-storeyed, hall type, with the not differentiated vnutr. space without the supports, in essence for the demonstration of heavy industr. equipment (main hall of the palace of exhibitions in Torino, 1948-50, eng. p. L. Nervi), either to have united external volume and inner bearings in the interior (palace of labor in Torino, 1961, eng. p. nervi and A. nervi), or to have the internal space, dismembered along vertical line and horizontal (exhibition building in Vilnius, 1966, ARKh. In. A. chekanauskas). Unit type type pavilions include several volumes with the placements of different functional designation (pavilion in the park Sokolniks in Moscow, 1961, ARKh. In. S. Vilenskiy et al.).

Lit.: N Platov. S., Spravochnik on the international and national exhibitions and the fairs in Great Britain, M., 1968; Pavlov K. A., international fairs and exhibition, M., 1962; Worm KJD in P. A., organization and of foreign trade IN THE USSR, of 2 publ., M., 1962 technique; Voronov k. g. of iPavlov k. A., organization and of foreign trade IN THE USSR, M., 1966 technique.

D. m. Serov, V. i. revyakin.